Dance script Essay Example for Free

Move content Essay Move is something that everybody thinks about, however relatively few individuals comprehend. As a devoted artist and contender for more than ten years, I’ve figured out how to grasp the numerous types of moving in this world. It’s difficult to put a solitary definition on move †‘it is smooth, it is feminine’ †in light of the fact that there are simply such a large number of kinds of moving, each with a one of a kind style. What I can say at the present time, is that move is an order that requires monstrous control of the body to precisely convey the plan of the move, however it is likewise adaptable enough to permit singular feelings and characters to radiate through. Today, I might want to investigate with you four altogether different sorts of move: expressive dance, Chinese, dance hall, and hip bounce. 1 Ballet is a work of art that began in the fifteenth century during the Renaissance. As should be obvious from the image, the ballet performer wears pointe shoes †fundamentally ordinary expressive dance shoes (hold shoe) with a crate on top. The expressive dance shoe is typically made of glossy silk or ordinary material, is here and there secured with cowhide on top, and has calfskin soles for good footing. The ballet dancer likewise wears the tutu, which used to be intensely embellished (and hence exceptionally overwhelming), yet structures have been improved and smoothed out however much as could be expected to give the sentiment of weightlessness. A significant part of artful dance is the line. Similarly as in math, lines go on always, expressive dance upholds the idea of line both in the hands, in the legs (henceforth the significance of pointing), and in the mix of the two. Individuals customarily believe that artful dance is a solely female work of art, yet as the years progressed, men have had the option to include a blend of acrobatic and different tricks to make it a sensational encounter. 2 Chinese move is something that I find extremely difficult to pinpoint with one portrayal †as you may know, China’s history colossal, and there are a wide range of sorts of Chinese move from the distinctive Chinese areas. One thing I can certainly say is hitting the dance floor with props is normal. In this image, the young lady hits the dance floor with strips that are as a rule more than ten feet in length for each arm; in the following picture, a Mongolian move, the artists hit the dance floor with genuine porcelain bowls and frequently with cups (like these), and chopsticks; in this image, a Dun Huang move, however the artists are flat broke at the present time, it is basic for them to get a woodwind or another kind of Chinese instrument. Something else that is accentuated in Chinese move is gentility. While in artful dance, the jaw is consistently up, the body reached out to the most degree, in Chinese move, the jaw is generally tucked to represent a feeling of bashfulness. That’s not to state that Chinese move isn't as powerful as different sorts of dance†¦maybe another short clasp may help? 3 Ballroom is really one of my preferred kinds of moves, and today, I’ll be discussing Latin move explicitly. Latin moves are comprised of samba, rumba, chacha, jive, and pase doble. The distinction between the move styles is the accentuated beat, (give model), and in this way, its cadence. Perhaps the greatest contrast among dance hall and different types of moves is its accentuation on hip movement, how the hip controls the leg activity, and the other way around. Likewise significant is the procedure through which the weight is moved between feet †vertically or on a level plane. Speed and sharpness are factors that are pivotal to being a decent traditional dancer, and part of the nimbleness originates from the association between the accomplices. Opposition from the male (not so much as a push), connotes altering course, bringing down the hand prepares for a turn, and such. Ensembles are commonly close and insignificant, yet normally improved with sequins and decorations, to make sharp turns progressively perceptible. 4 Finally, hip bounce is a type of move that began in the city of urban areas, and is firmly associated with breakdancing. For some artists, shoewear just incorporates tennis shoes, yet increasingly proficient artists frequently use danzsneakers, which give great lower leg support, curve support, and a level top for toe stands. Hip bounce frequently centers around real seclusions and gymnastic accomplishments †reverse somersaulting is normal. For the most part, hip jump passes on a feeling of demeanor and freedom. It’s another work of art in contrast with the others, and we are yet to see where it will take us. 5 So we’ve discussed four unique kinds of move †expressive dance, Chinese, assembly hall, and hip jump. Yet, remember that there are such huge numbers of more †jazz, current, verses, just to give some examples. Next time you see an artist, don’t quickly excuse their craft as only a young lady sport, however understand that it is an order that takes a whole lifetime of training and preparing to arrive at an effortlessness and adaptability unmatched in most different games. Maybe you might need to attempt move yourself†¦I’m sure it will be an extraordinary encounter.

Embracing The Change :: essays research papers

Grasping THE CHANGE Imagine… A planting season requiring no risky herbicides or harmful pesticides. A great many dollars spared, in light of the fact that wholesome enhancements are currently unnecessary. A meat steer arriving at showcase weight in 75 days. The utilization of prescriptions about nonexistent. A huge number of human lives improved and even spared by a sheep’s milk or a pig’s synapses. Â Â Â Â Â Something out of a sci-fi novel? A scientist’s unreasonable dream? Possibly something that could occur in 500 years? Â Â Â Â Â That might be what huge numbers of you accept. Be that as it may, at this moment, these wonders are going on in research centers everywhere throughout the world. The primary Genetic Engineering strategy, despite everything utilized today, was the particular reproducing of plants and creatures, as a rule for expanded food creation. In particular rearing just creatures with attractive attributes are picked for additional reproducing. In spite of the fact that these practices may have appeared to be adequate previously, they are really hit and botch cases with little opportunity of achievement. Through Biotechnology, raisers pick explicit qualities. Raisers can likewise join qualities from a random species, giving a creature or plant new highlights the already wouldn’t be accessible. This framework is quicker, progressively careful, less expensive and less inclined to fizzle than customary techniques. Plants would now be able to be built to be impervious to pesticides, creepy crawlies, and ailments. The naturally inviting herbicide Glyphosate is fruitful in slaughtering weeds, however lamentably executes crops also. Yields are presently being designed to be impervious to such herbicides. Touching yields presently have improved healthful characteristics to upgrade animals efficiency. Field grasses, for example, that have been created with Lucerne strains become sulfur rich, which produces more excellent fleece. Hereditarily Altered creatures assist researchers with finding medicines for an assortment of human ailments. Unadulterated human items, for example, insulin and Human Growth hormone, would now be able to be delivered in business amounts. Sheep’s milk is utilized to create A1A, a chemical utilized in the treatment of emphysema: cow’s milk is utilized to deliver a protein that battles bacterial contaminations: and goat’s milk is utilized to create tPA a blood-coagulation dissolving compound. Pigs, being anything but difficult to raise, have been organ contributors to people for a long time. Heart-valves from pigs are being utilized as swaps for exhausted or ailing human heart-valves. As of late, pig synapses have been infused into the mind of individuals with Parkinson’s infection to supplant the synapses decimated by this devastating sickness. Cows have been blessed to receive increment milk and hamburger creation, as have pigs to yield more me at and less fat.

How to Master Charisma and Become a Better Leader

How to Master Charisma and Become a Better Leader Think back as far as you can remember. Think back to the playgrounds in primary school… to group projects you had to undertake in college… all the way to your most recent job. In those moments in time whatever activity you were undertaking was of the utmost importance in your mind and you wanted to succeed… to win… right?Now, can you think of a particular team leader on the playground, or a group leader in class, or a manager in your organization that absolutely appealed to you? That absolutely inspired you? That motivated you to put in all your effort? Whose opinion you held in high regard? That made you feel comfortable and included? That you looked up to and emulated? And under whom you felt you were guaranteed victory? That was charisma. That is what charisma inspires. That was a charismatic leader.We have been raised in a world where the common opinion is that charisma is a talent that just a few people are lucky enough to be born with. But that is wrong. Charisma and ch arismatic leadership can be developed in any one of us.One good example of this is Lee Laccoca. Lee Lacocca, whose real name was Lido Anthony Iacocca, joined Chrysler in the 1970s, tasked to rescue the Company from bankruptcy. Lacocca addressed congress in an attempt secure a substantial loan for the company and anyone who was present observed a charismatic leader at his best.But who was this man? Lacocca had an Industrial Engineering undergraduate degree but was unfortunately not blessed with natural charisma, but he acquired the skills necessary to become charismatic. Some other notable examples of his charismatic style can be found in some of his famous statements, for example, ‘If you can find a better car, buy it.’A simple statement, but such a strong message… It says, ‘We are here and we are the best.’ It inspires confidence and pride in the employees of the company and sells the product with such surety and conviction to the consumer he has to have it.Charismatic leaders are persuasive and convincing; they are driven by a commitment to their cause. The slightest appearance of hypocrisy or inconsistency will undermine the most persuasive speech and charismatic leaders are able to avoid this through a strong commitment to their convictions.The charismatic leader embodies the ideal member of the cause, which gives him more credibility because he actually practice s what he preaches. For example, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a charismatic leader not only due to his powerful oratory skills but also due to his unwavering commitment to positive non-violent change.The purpose of this article, therefore, is to explore the general traits of charismatic individuals, some of the benefits of a charismatic leadership, and steps you can take to master charisma and become a better more effective leader.DISTINGUISHING CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIPOf course charismatic leadership existed long before it was given a label. But how was the distinction made between charismatic leadership and other forms of leadership?Max Weber was a German sociologist who published a book called ‘The Three Types of Legitimate Rule’ in 1958. Max Webber classified authority into three distinct categories: Traditional, Legal/Rational, and Charismatic.He proposed that there are two forms of order: Authority and Norms. No order could exist without either of these.For example, in a Company that practices authoritative order, employees will follow strict rules and regulations set up by the company’s leadership. Similarly, in sovereignties, citizens will follow the laws set up by the legislature and enforced by the police force. Perhaps this is why refer to the police as ‘The Authorities’.On the other hand, organizations that use norms to bring about order depend on the leaderships’ conveyance of the organization’s vision and mission to inspire followers or employees. According to Webster, charismatic leaders, as opposed to authoritative ones, strongly appeal to their followers/employees on a deeper level. Charismatic leaders use norms as opposed to blunt authoritative force.This is a more effective leadership style because the followers/employees are actually performing actions because they are inspired and motivated to do so as rather than being driven by fear of consequences that may come with not following directives.GENERAL TRAITS OF A CHARISMATIC PERSON/LEADERLike in your days in the playground, when you didn’t even have the slightest clue what charisma was, you will feel charisma when you are exposed to it.It is far more than someone being likable; a charismatic person draws you to them. A charismatic person, very naturally, motivates and energizes you to take action. Some charismatic people are born that way while some of them learn how to be charismatic, either way they spark a flame inside us that gets us moving.So what are the general traits attributable to a charismatic person/leader?They are HappyOne of the first things you will notice in a charismatic person is a certain spark of life within them, a certain enthusiasm, even if you are not certain for what. Whether the charismatic person is good or bad, whether they bring peace or instigate unrest, there is a strong passion within them that evokes powerful emotions in the people around them.They make people feel good about joining a cause and they evidently derive pleasure from sharing their cause with others. Whether consciously or subconsciously people are able to feel and feed off this passion. This coupled with a feeling of being wanted and needed in the cause draws people to even closer to the person.They are ConfidentA charismatic person seems to be in perfect control of the world around them. Their confidence and level of self-worth always seems to be strong, even when they are may be uncertain on the inside.They always appear to be certain of their abilities, faith, and knowledge while at the same time maintaining a balance, being very careful not to come off as narcissistic.A charismatic person brings out his confidence by keeping his insecurities at bay and celebrating his strengths. He shares his confidence with the world and in turn people feel stronger in their presence.They are Passionate and CommittedYou will easily notice a charismatic person when they are standing for a cause because they believe passionately in it and are mo re than willing to share those beliefs with the people around them.Their consistent convictions and actions also play a big part in drawing other towards them andin influencing other to follow them. This avails to them a dedicated following that significantly adds to the energy that the charismatic person exudes.They are Good CommunicatorsPeople are not sheep and will not simply follow because they have been requested to. A charismatic person moves people and convinces them to take action, which demands context and motivation.A charismatic person communicates effectively and shows you exactly why a certain action needs to be taken. They have an ability to express themselves in an intriguing and inspiring way that makes people want to come back, hear more, and do more. They are EmpatheticA charismatic person will speak to you as though you were the only person in the world. A charismatic person will seem to focus on your words, your eyes, your core, making you feel heard, safe, inter esting, and special.He will appeal to your emotions on a genuine level. In turn you will feel drawn to them… You will feel a need to reciprocate the same by paying the charismatic person them same kind of attention that they gave you. You want to do to them what they have done for you and without knowing it; you are attaching yourself to this person.This reminds me of quote I read a long time ago by Evelyn Waugh.“We cherish our friends not for their ability to amuse us but for our ability to amuse them.” It’s ironical isn’t it? But it’s quite true if you think about it.Human beings are creatures of emotion, and we stick with certain people because we have made strong and positive emotions connections.8 STEPS TO INCREASE YOUR CHARISMA AND BECOME A BETTER LEADERA charismatic leader does not only inspire people into taking action, he wins the hearts and minds of his following. This is inclusive of the people they lead, their superiors, and even stakeholders in a business se tting. Charismatic leaders are often more successful in comparison to non-charismatic leaders.For example, a study was conducted by Christoph Nohe and Jochen Menges on a large German railway company at a time when the Company was undergoing a major crisis and an internal restructuring process. A web-based survey was conducted on 33 leaders and 142 team members that found that leaders who were change-focused were perceived as charismatic.The survey also found that a team member who found his leader to be charismatic was more committed to that leader’s cause. The study concluded that where a leader was perceived as charismatic by his followers, it directly enhanced overall team performance of the team.But do not panic and no, charisma is not only for the chosen few… Anyone can develop charisma, even you. This section of the article will categorically show you how you can develop your charisma and become and even better and more effective leader.1. Appeal to the Interests of your F ollowersCan you truly be charismatic if the people around you don’t consider you charismatic? No.Can one group of people consider you charismatic while another doesn’t? I believe so, yes. It depends mainly on the interests of each group.To be a charismatic leader, you have to appeal to the people around you in such a manner that they consider you the ideal leader. Show people that you deeply understand their concerns and that your number one priority is to address those concerns in the best way possible.The more people realize that you are in genuine support of their interests, the more charismatic you will become in their eyes. To the masses, Perception is Reality.So, find out about what matters to your followers or the people you intend to make your followers and show genuine interest in those matters, make those matters your priority and you will earn your trust, making you the best suited leader for them.2. Be a Good Listener/ObserverListen to your followers or the people yo u want to lead. This means striving to understand their histories, ambitions, what inspires them, what they respond to, their motivators, their modes of expression… This ensures that when you begin to speak to them you speak with a clear understanding of where they come from and where they are headed while simultaneously expressing yourself in a manner that they can relate to.For example, if you are addressing a crowd that responds to a language of vision, opportunity, and promise of better future and you present them with numbers and data, you build a barrier that will bar you from appealing to the crowd. But if you presented the same message to the same crowd in the manner that they respond to, you automatically come off as more charismatic and suited for leadership.Being a good listener will convince your followers that you are not simply there to fill in the leadership position; rather you are there to actually serve their interests. Being a good listener will also make you a better leader in the sense that you will now intimately understand your followers’ needs and wants, which will make you better positioned to satisfy those needs.Like one of the 48 Laws of Power, Understand who you’re Dealing With.3. Blend InThis is an extension of Step 2 above. If you set yourself apart from the people you are leading or the people you intend to lead you may not come off as charismatic as you hoped to be. You may not end up being the most suitable leader for those people.Level yourself with your followers and connect with them from diverse angles. However, I am not encouraging you to masquerade and pretend to be something you are not; people tend to see through this and it may be detrimental to your leadership. Instead, find out what you have in common with your followers or potential followers and shed light on that.For example, demonstrate the same amount of ease addressing board members as you have addressing subordinate staff within a business organization. Master a habit of finding a common identity with the people you encounter and using that as a focal point for how best to relate with them and you will come off as more charismatic. This will also give you an avenue to better get in touch with your following, equipping you with more knowledge and information on how to better serve them.Here, humor is a great way to really get in touch with people. You could even give a story where you are a victim. Barack Obama is known to put himself on the spot, which gives his followers a warm perception of him and strengthening the connection they feel they have with him. However, be careful with humor, understand the boundaries and after a good laugh, revert to subject of achieving the goals at hand. 4. Be InclusiveAlways include your followers by using words like ‘us’ and ‘we’ instead of ‘me’ and ‘I’.   This kind of inclusive language will make your followers or your intended followers feel wanted and a real part of the cause.I t will remind them that you share their goals and ambitions and that you are affected by the same issues, and that they relate to you the best. This will automatically enhance your followers’ perception of you as a charismatic leader. Empower other to speak and feel relevant and in turn they will love you for it.5. Be EngagingAs a leader you have already come up with a manifesto in your mind and, as such, it is natural to want to solve various issues with little or no consultation. However, avoid this habit and constantly remind yourself to engage others by including them in the creation of solutions to various issues.Share your approaches, listen to suggestions, respond constructively, and show appreciation for your followers’ contributions. You will appear more charismatic and become a better leader not by isolating yourself but by being on the ground with the people.A good example here is Che Guevara who would regularly leave the comfort of his office to participate in a cons truction projects with regular citizens, which made him a model leader and made him appear even more charismatic and appealing than he already was to the people.6. Be Honest and DependableAs mentioned earlier, inconsistency in your actions will discredit even the most inspiring speeches. Nothing will repel your followers more than the perception of dishonesty in you. To be a charismatic leader you have to be dependable.Your followers have to believe through a consistency in events that you are a trustworthy person and they will follow you without question. Master this and you will not only be regarded as a charismatic leader but a good leader. This step will also make a very happy individual.“Happiness is when the words you speak and your actions are in harmony.”   Mahatma GandhiTake a second to reflect on this? Isn’t it a wonderful feeling to follow through with exactly what you had said you would do? Don’t you feel guilty when you do not keep your word?7. Be Fully Committe d to the Goals of the CauseA charismatic leader leads by example. The reason this comes so easy to them is because they have committed, more than anyone else, to the cause and they realize that their own commitment is crucial for the groups drive. You have to believe in the truth of the messages you are passing on to your followers or potential followers.The same applies to lying (I’m not saying you should. Do not). The best liars are the ones who can convince themselves for a moment that their lies are true.To be a charismatic leader you have to show your followers that you are willing to go the distance and do whatever it takes to reach the group’s goal. This evidently deep commitment will portray you, and in reality make you, a great and genuine leader while simultaneously motivating your followers to follow in your example.8. Be WarmThis is perhaps the most important step towards becoming a truly charismatic and great leader.We mentioned that human beings are creatures of em otion. Warmth is the final ingredient through which you can convince your followers that you will use the power they have accorded you, or the power that you seek, for their best interests.This way people will willingly follow you of their own volition and you won’t even need to regularly assert your authority. Bill Clinton has been said to exude this kind of warm aura to the people around him, which is why he still has such as dedicated following even after his tenure.You cannot fake warmth, it has to be genuine. You can be as polite as you possibly can be, but warmth comes from a much deeper place inside of us. Everyone can feel it when they are in the presence of a truly warm person.So how can you make sure that your warmth is felt by the people you encounter?Set aside any insecurities and personal concerns when you are dealing with other people, these insecurities serve as barriers to warmth. Insecurities bar your own warmth towards yourself and it is hard to concentrate on an yone else when you are not at peace with yourself, so handle those insecurities and learn to celebrate your strengths. Self-love is where warmth is rooted.For that brief moment you are interacting with your followers or potential followers, genuinely focus on them. People can feel this; people can feel when someone else is truly engaged.To master warmth, you could also study some of the people you look up to, meditate on them and regularly channel the warmth that they brought to your world. It could be Gandhi, Dr. Luther, Mother Theresa, your father, a religious figure… whoever or whatever has ever evoked a feeling of warmth and safety at your core. Now share that feeling with the world and everyone you encounter will instantly be drawn to you while you become an even better leader at the same time.If you practice these simple steps regularly and make them a habit, they will always come to you naturally and your charisma will skyrocket alongside the quality of your leadership.BENE FITS OF CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIPThere are numerous benefits that emanate from Charismatic Leadership. Charismatic leaders are catalyst for social change. They ensure that processes run smoothly and that the people are properly motivated, working towards a cause autonomously without the need for authoritative force.So, what are some of the benefits you will realize as a leader from mastering charisma?True PowerCharisma is a perception from others that you have influence and that you get things done. As opposed to having been merely assigned power as a result of your wealth, level of education, physical appearance…people will view you as a leader due to your personal attributes.Power acquired through intimidation or authoritative force is not sustainable. With charisma people know that they do not have to follow you simply because they have been instructed to… They actually want to follow you, authority or not… and that is true power.In the movie ‘The God Father’, Michael Corl eone travels to a Cuba plagued by civil unrest and witnesses a rebel explode a grenade while being arrested by military personnel killing himself and a few soldiers around him in the process. Later Michael says to his companions something to the effect of, “It occurred to me that the rebels could win, because the soldiers are paid to fight and the rebels aren’t.”The rebels fought because they believed in their cause and were willing to do whatever it is that the cause demanded of them. The same applies with charisma. When you get people to believe wholeheartedly in you as their leader, you do not need further incentive to be able to steer them into whatever direction you will. They will follow willingly because they believe you share the same beliefs and that as a genuine leader, you will never mislead them.Ease of Selling a VisionAs a charismatic leader, you will be able to easily sell a vision to your followers or intended followers because they already convinced of your goo d intentions and capabilities. By mastering charisma you will become easily successful at convincing your followers of various potentials, opportunities, and possibilities.Since you will already understand your crowd, you will also be able to weave anecdotes that appeal to the people, making them buy into the bigger picture. Similarly, due to your understanding of your crowd, you will be able to serve their needs aided by your sharp listening and observation skills.For example, a charismatic leader will be able to differentiate between what an organization needs from the employees and what the employees need from the employees and address both at the same time. This results in a mutually beneficial mechanism where the employees feed off the vision and become motivated to achieve organizational goals and in turn the organization serves the employees’ needs.Goal RealizationA highly charismatic leader will have their followers doing just about anything. I mean, look at Charles Manson , Adolf Hitler, Iddi Amin, King Leopold II, Jim Jones…Once you have mastered charisma and you have captured the hearts and minds of your audience you are in a position to inspire action and drive results. With charisma you will be capable of achieving results that other styles of leadership would be incapable of achieving, making you leadership effective in any kind of situation.However, this is not to say that charismatic leadership doesn’t have its shortcomings.LIMITATIONS OF CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP‘Brain Freeze’The very first disadvantage of charismatic leadership is that there is a risk of the group depending too much on your guidance that they suppress their own individual values, beliefs, and ideas believing yours to be supreme.This is especially so when their own ideas or beliefs conflict with yours. This is a dangerous situation because people tend to follow you even when they feel that they are heading in the wrong direction, but they dare not question their leader.H owever, this can be avoided by religiously practicing Step 4 above: Being Inclusive. Ensure that all your followers feel free to share and express their opinions and views with you. Do not be dismissive or condescending to any one even when they are voicing an idea or opinion you believe to be wrong.In such a situation, casually show them why they are wrong and why you are right. Similarly, do not be afraid to accept better ideas or correction from your followers when necessary.EgoCharisma can become extremely addictive because you can actually see the effect you have on others and the way in which they regard you and look up to you. It is possible to get sucked into your own charisma where you forget that leadership is service to others and not the other way around. There is the danger of using your charisma to accomplish personal goals as opposed to those of the group.Therefore, constantly monitor your leadership and regularly ask a close confidant to assess that leadership in ord er to ascertain that you have not let your newfound power go to your head. Ensure that you do not lose sight of what is important, which is the best interest of your followers or intended followers.To realize the benefits of charismatic leadership, constantly follow the steps provided and regularly monitor your leadership to avoid being counter-productive by turning the strength of charismatic leadership into a weakness.CONCLUSIONIn a highly competitive world, be it in the field of business, politics, religion, or everyday societal life, the ability of institutions to realize their goals is highly dependent on the effectiveness of the leadership in those institutions. Behind every successful institution is a leadership that can drive action to realize overall objectives.A charismatic leader is able to gain the trust of his followers inspire, guide, and motivate the group to meet its targets. Trust is necessary in a leader-follower relationship because trust is the glue that binds a follower to his leader, in turn causing action.People will naturally follow a leader who gets them sold and excited about a vision. While a leader can be effective without charisma, that kind of leadership would only be effective where there is a rigid system in place, where people are guided by strict authoritative rules.Think of a police man stopping you randomly in your car to demand that you provide your driver’s license… do you really follow the instructions because you are so eager to do so, or is it because there are set laws that demand that you comply with the law enforcement’s authority?Possessing charisma as a leader is a huge asset. It ensures that your followers follow you willingly and as opposed to authoritative leadership, this is lasting and sustainable power.Of course, we have realized that charismatic leadership can become negative really fast if applied blindly or unethically… But its pros outweigh its cons, especially seeing as its limitations can be avo ided by exercising just a bit of caution.Follow the simple steps discussed above to master your charisma. Your charismatic leadership will make you a better and more effective leader who is truly in service to his people and who has lasting and sustainable authority.You will be able to better articulate your vision, inspire, and motivate your followers towards achieving common objectives And since as a charismatic leader you will be in touch with your followers, you will understand their wants and needs, which you will be in a position to address…creating and environment of all-round satisfaction for everyone.

Affirmative Action the Topic of Debate for Many Years

Affirmative action has been the topic of debate for many years. It has been controversial because it has been said to be a form of reverse discrimination. This paper will discuss the purpose behind affirmative action, as well as, its various strengths and weaknesses. Also, this paper will look at the following issues surrounding affirmative action such as the incompetency myth ( are companies hiring less qualified people?), the impact on employment (what has changed in the work place?), the impact on women (how has their lives changed?) and the impact on employment law (what documents back up affirmative action?). Lastly, a discussion of affirmative action on an international scale, and what international documents have to say about†¦show more content†¦(Nascoste, 1987, p. 294) One criticism of Affirmative Action is that it discriminates against people based on race and sex, and thus is simply a different form of racism and sexism, that legal discrimination based on bir th characteristics is racism regardless of whom indulges in such behaviour. (Nascoste, 1987, p. 297) A different argument against affirmative action states that the minorities who are under-represented are not as capable as the dominant groups. This argument has rarely been made openly in the past half-century. Proponents of this argument point out that even though affirmative action polices have been in place for 40 years the number of Black and Latino college students remains below their proportion of the total population. (Coate, 1993, p. 1229) Some view the disproportionate percentages of different races in schools and jobs as a reflection of minority cultures. Some cultures emphasize education and academic achievement less than others; for example, one might argue that education is highly prized in some Asian countries. Another criticism of affirmative action asserts that these programs encourage economic discrimination in favour of wealthier members of minority groups, sin ce such programs, at least the American versions, do not consider either social or economic class. Critics claim Affirmative Action proponents promote selecting a middle-classShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Over Affirmitive Action in the College World927 Words   |  4 PagesFor many the subject of affirmative action is worth protesting over, however, there are a few who would love to see the existence of affirmitive action abolished. 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Affirmative Action sought to give African Americans workers and minorities equal access to education and employment which was previously denied to them. It makes companies and schools give equal access to minorities. Affirmative Action is a topic that has been in government officials minds for a long time. Between 1870-1900, many African Americans held public office. TwoRead MoreAffirmative Action1571 Words   |  7 PagesName Professor Name Management 11th November 2011 Affirmative Action Thesis: Affirmative Action has helped many women and minorities in entering the job market. Although there has been a lot of hue and cry regarding the benefits of the affirmative action and the suitability of candidates selected thorough affirmative action; research has shown that affirmative action is beneficial and the candidates of affirmative action perform as well as those who are selected through theRead MoreEssay On Affirmative Action1556 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years, the push for a diverse campus has led to complications and issues regarding admission processes admitting minority students who are underqualified compared to students not of color in the name of diversity. Diversity has many benefits and the implemented necessity for a diverse campus has lowered racial prejudice in recent years. However, the need for diversity shouldn’t surpass the standards or requirements necessary to attend a certain university of choice. Admissions councilsRe ad MoreAffirmative Action Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesTwo hundred years ago in America, being born of a certain race or gender predetermined one’s opportunities in life. African Americans were subjected to slavery and discrimination and women had very little liberty. In the present, the United States is much closer to equality, yet gender and race still play a role in life’s opportunities given the high frequency of affirmative action programs; they attempt to increase the representation of minorities on college campuses and in the office, regardlessRead MoreLegal Writing1315 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Action College Admissions 2 Abstract Affirmative action has been a strong subject of discussion and debate for more than 30 years. Its use in college admissions has even been heard and ruled by the U.S. Supreme Court. Affirmative action is in essence, a policy or procedure developed by numerous institutions of higher learning to attempt to diversify their student bodies racially and by ethnicity. Looking closer at this procedure will display the advantages and disadvantages ofRead MoreEssay about Affirmative Action1384 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Action has been an issue of contention since its inception during the Civil Rights struggles of mid 20th century America. Discrimination could no longer be tolerated and the Unites States government had an obligation to encourage equality at all levels of the social infrastructure. The main type of discrimination being addressed by Affirmative Action programs was racial discrimination. The Merriam Webster dictionary defines racism as: ‘a belief that race is the p rimary determinant ofRead MoreAffirmative Action And Its Effects On Affirmative1263 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout America there are many different views on the effects of affirmative action. Many see it as a negative policy which gives an unnecessary advantage to minorities in America. In a 2009 Pew Poll, â€Å"58% of African Americans agree† and only â€Å"22% whites agree† that there should be â€Å"preferential treatment to improve the position of blacks and other minorities† (Public Backs Affirmative Action†). Today affirmative action and other racial injustices tend to be in the spotlight quite often, such

President Franklin D. Roosevelt - 917 Words

From the year of 1933 to 1941, president Franklin D. Roosevelt enacted a series of reforms called the â€Å"New Deal.† The New Deal was aimed to help the social and economic recovery of the United States after the Great Depression. Different groups of people were treated differently during the New Deal. Some groups benefited from the reforms and some did not. Certainly, not all groups of people experienced the New Deal similarly; some perfect examples of this are old people, farm laborers, and theatre workers. Old age people were among the groups that had really benefited from the New Deal. The Social Security Act that FDR proposed was aimed to provide â€Å"economic security for individuals†[ Frances Perkins, â€Å"The social security Act,†in the The New Deal section, ed. Natalie Zemon Davis et al. Bedford/St.Martin’s Press 2000, 72.] and this particularly included old people. This Act was passed by Congress and signed by FDR in August 1935. Individuals w ho have worked before and met the government’s conditions were qualified to get old-age benefits. Although this act did not provide every single aged person with the old-age benefits, it at least ensured the benefits of those old people who have worked and had some contributions to the society. The monthly payments were sent to individuals from the age of sixty-five â€Å"in direct proportion to the total wages earned by such individuals in course of their employment ...†[] In other words, the higher the wage an individual had the higherShow MoreRelatedPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt959 Words   |  4 Pagesidentified an individual as a great leader. President Franklin D. Roosevelt is a prime example of a great leader. In 1933 Roosevelt became the 32nd president of the United States, and led Americans through various series of events. But like many accomplishments every great leader faced challenges and Roosevelt was no exception. This paper will analyze Franklin D. R oosevelt accomplishments, challenges, and leadership style. During his presidential time Roosevelt led Americans through the Great DepressionRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing involved with the affairs of the world. Through a turn events and the persuasive actions of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the country was re-geared for mobilization and war against tyranny in whichever form it presented itself. The President delivered many great speeches that brought the United States to global involvement with the use of early national media and propaganda. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s famous â€Å"Four Freedoms† speech along with the events of Pearl Harbor were the inspirationRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt969 Words   |  4 PagesWe announce with the deepest regret that President Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States since 1933, died yesterday afternoon at Warm Springs, Georgia. A White House announcement stated that the President died suddenly from a cerebral haemorrhage. The stories you need to read, in one handy email Read more Mr. Harry Truman, the Vice-President, has already been sworn in as the 33rd President. After stating that an immediate meeting of the Cabinet had been called the White HouseRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt777 Words   |  4 PagesAngela McLinton AP U.S. History Pd 1 Galvin 3/16/15 President Franklin D. Roosevelt is commonly thought of as a liberal and President Herbert C. Hoover as a conservative. To what extent are there characterizations valid? It is a commonly held belief that Roosevelt was liberal and Hoover, conservative. However, as their respective presidencies progressed, it was shown through their proactivity and reservations that they attained a versatility between the two. Both wanted to pull the economy awayRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt1308 Words   |  6 Pages President Franklin D. Roosevelt, arguably one of the most famous Presidents because of his work during such a difficult time took office in 1933. Roosevelt came into office with a bold plan and acted on it swiftly, providing jobs and relief for those in need. â€Å"Over the next eight years, the government instituted a series of experimental projects and programs, known collectively as the New Deal, that aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many Americans. More than that, Roosevelt’sRead MorePresident Hoover And Franklin D. Roosevelt956 Words   |  4 Pagesplaced pressure on the President of the United States to fix the situation. Although both Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt were President during one of the hardest economic times in the nation’s history, there are many differences in the approach each President took to attempt to fix The Great Depression, which caused different changes in the economy. During Herbert Hoover’s time in the White House, is when disaster struck. 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Roosevelt new deals were effect in providing jobs to the men of the families starting from the oldest to the youngest men in the family. The New Deal improved both the economic and social lives of the American people. The Great Depression caused a deafening blow in the economyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of President Franklin D. Roosevelt783 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   December 7, 1941 is a day that will live with us forever. On December 8, 1941, the next day, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave one of the most patriotic speeches this country has heard. He used several different rhetorical devices, Ethos, Pathos, Logos, to strengthen his argument.   His speech was an argument that was trying to get his fellow americans to stand up and fight for our freedom. He came across many groups of people who were totally against going to war but his speech was very logicalRead MoreThe Great Depression By President Franklin D. Roosevelt1304 Words   |  6 Pagesreform measures put into place by President Franklin D. Roosevelt helped lessen the worst effects of the Great Depression in the 1930s, the economy would not fully turn around until after 1939, when World War II kicked American industry into high gear. Advertisement Franklin D. RooseveltPlay video Franklin D. Roosevelt 5min A Warm Roosevelt WelcomePlay video A Warm Roosevelt Welcome 3min Franklin D. Roosevelt Creates Social SecurityPlay video Franklin D. Roosevelt Creates Social Security 2min Facebook

The Role of Classroom Interaction in a Primary Level Classroom Free Essays

The function of schoolroom interaction in a primary degree schoolroom has been the centre of focal point in many surveies conducted in this field. Most of the surveies were carried out by western research workers in which the schoolroom interaction was critically studied to happen its impact on the future mentality / public presentation of a pupil. These surveies cover assorted spheres of schoolroom interaction covering teacher-student and peer-peer interaction. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Classroom Interaction in a Primary Level Classroom or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since we have a curious socio-economic apparatus in Pakistan which differs from the western civilizations, there is null that needs to be filled up by analyzing a schoolroom interaction in the model of the predominating teaching civilization of our state. Furthermore, in our civilization learning profession has ne’er been of premier importance instead professions like technology, medical or being a pilot in PAF is more preferable. This has resulted in encephalon drain in the instruction profession. Young alumnuss who do non happen any occupation, bend to the learning profession as a last resort. Furthermore, in the socio-economic apparatus of our state instruction is a low-income profession, which force instructors to merely go through the category room clip learning nil, and have their ain tuition centres to learn at eventides. Additionally the pupils from the less fortunate backgrounds find it hard to prosecute in peer-peer interaction or have violent attitudes in class-room interaction which, at times, proves counter-productive. This survey aims to research kineticss of category room interaction in a primary degree category room and outlines a scheme to work out this job. Statement of Problem To analyze category room interaction in a primary category room environment. Scope of Study This survey will place the cardinal factors that contribute to category room interaction in a primary degree category room. It will besides individual out hindrances being faced by schools in Pakistan to heighten category room interaction. This survey may be used as a helpful usher in explicating a composite policy towards heightening category room interaction in the school systems in Pakistan. Significance of this Survey After independency in 1947, no serious idea was of all time given to construction our educational system on a solid and balance, exhaustively worked out termss that should bring forth a regiment of good groomed, socially confident and focussed work Equus caballuss to turn to the intensifying issues of a freshly born province. Quiet opposed to that a fire combat policy, non wholly sing the socio-religious and the socio-economic background of the people, was the chief drive force behind preparation of our instruction policy. This resulted in state of affairs where the intelligent and bright pupils from a university would stop up using for occupations other so the instruction professions and finally the rejected batch found a topographic point in our schooling system as instructors where they would vent off their egocentric and societal want on their pupils. This survey would try to bring out the fact that deficiency of category room interaction is because of inept and incapable instructors. Furthermore, if any efforts to relieve the category room interaction are done, so the deficiency of vision by such instructors proves to be the chief hindrance. This survey would be a valuable service to the society and the state and will function the intent to be a guide line in explicating a composite instruction policy to eliminate the defects of the present twenty-four hours primary school system. This instruction policy can be implemented for both the populace every bit good as private sector schools. Literature Review Both Kenneth and Bruffee ( 1984 ) have observed that the degree of pupils ‘ engagement in schoolroom interaction is straight relative to the grade of instructor ‘s engagement. They have farther outlined that the most direct manner to make category room interaction is that the instructor follow the rules of collaborative acquisition in which the instructor prepares a acquisition job or undertaking and so delegate little groups of pupils to work out the job collaboratively. Teachers ‘ engagement in schoolroom interaction was besides advocated by Hill ( 1969 ) who opines that the instructor ‘s function is most of import in planing the undertaking. Once groups have begun work, the instructor should make no more than unobtrusively supervise the procedure because the group needs to decide the procedure themselves. Prediction of human behavior under a peculiar set of fortunes have been studied by assorted research workers which conclude that human head tend to larn fast when acquisition is conducted in groups. Meyers ( 1986 ) besides pointed out that larning is fast provided the collaborative undertakings are decently designed. | 3 | Research Questions The survey shall take to the reply the followers: – ( a ) Is the category room interaction in our schooling system degrading or is reforming? ( B ) How strongly the instructor ‘ behavior towards heightening the category room interaction at primary degree category room affects the overall response of the pupils. ( degree Celsius ) How long will it take to reform the category room interaction job in our schooling system? Hypothesis The survey is based on the undermentioned hypothesis: – â€Å" Incapable instructors are the chief ground why category room interaction is non prevailing in our primary category room environment. † Definition of Key Words/ Footings In this survey, following nomenclatures are used and explained below. ( a ) Peer-peer Interaction: This term signifies all interactions that occur between the participants of common age groups i.e. pupils of the same category in a school. ( B ) Socioeconomic Index. Socioeconomic index of a instructor is a composite appraisal of his instruction and wealth whereas for a pupil it is based on the business, instruction and wealth of his parents. ( degree Celsius ) Collaborative Learning: Collaborative acquisition means planing larning undertaking or job by the instructor which is so handed over to the pupils to work out collaboratively. ( vitamin D ) Analysis of variance: A Analysis of Variance is a aggregation ofA statistical theoretical accounts and associated processs in which the observedA varianceA in a peculiar variable is classified into constituents which can be attributed to assorted beginnings of fluctuation. Research Methodology A intercrossed theoretical account consisting of both the qualitative and quantitative research methodological analysiss will be employed for informations acquisition for this survey because it tend to execute better in set abouting any research. For this intent, questionnaires and interviews of the pupils and instructors will be the chief beginning of informations assemblage. Population and Sampling. The population for this research will be the pupils and instructors of the selected schools. This survey will include pupils and instructors of primary degree, both from private schools every bit good as public sector schools. From private sector Beacon House and City School have been chosen and from the populace sector, F.G. School and Army Public School have been chosen. All of these schools are situated in Karachi, Hyderabad and Nawab Shah country. A sum of 30 schools dwelling of 20 private and 10 public sector owned schools have been chosen. Sample size will consists of 15 pupils and 20 instructors from public sector school whereas 10 pupils and 15 instructors will organize up the sample size from the private sector schools. The entire sample size will be 950 that will include 550 instructors and 400 pupils in all. Research Instruments. As outlined earlier, this research will follow a loanblend theoretical account which is a combination of both the qualitative and quantitative research methodological analysiss. Following the traditions of qualitative methodological analysis, in the flesh interviews with both the pupils and instructors will be conducted. The instructors will be asked the grounds for worsening category room interaction and what are the salary construction that is being followed in prevalent schools. The pupils will be asked to sketch the grade of interest/ counsel provided by a certain instructor. To cover up the quantitative sphere, questionnaires will be used for informations assemblage. The questionnaire will be given to both instructors and pupils. The instructors will foreground their income inside informations, the figure of household member they have to back up, their matrimonial position, the educational makings they have, did they follow the instruction profession by wil l or by irresistible impulse. The pupil will be subjected to reply inquiries such as the educational degree of their parents and the income or household wealth. Two separate questionnaires will be prepared ; one for the instructors and one for the pupils. The questionnaire for instructors should be prepared in such a manner as non to pique them, and for the pupils it should be prepared harmonizing to the comprehension degree of the pupils. In both instances it should be a combination of multiple pick inquiries ( MCQs ) and make full in the clean type of questionnaire. The interviews required will be 15-20 proceedingss long for the pupils and 20-25 proceedingss long for the instructors. Plan of Data Analysis 18. ROOTS and SPSSA ( Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ) package bundles will be used for the information analysis. These package bundles provide Descriptive statistics, Bivariate statistics, anticipation for results and anticipation for placing groups which helps in effectual informations analysis. Statistical theoretical accounts like ANOVA ( Analysis of Variance ) will be used to analyse lending factors across the instructors and pupils groups belonging to different socio-economic groups. Recursive abstraction and mechanical techniques will be employed for the qualitative analysis. Bar charts, Pie charts and Histograms will be used for statistical comparing of informations. Validity and Reliability 19. Interviewer documentation and equal debriefing will be used as a method of set uping the cogency of qualitative analysis whereas the questionnaires distributed among the selected schools shall organize up the quantitative analysis. Ethical Considerations 20. The research will be carried out in such a mode that confidentiality of all of the information is purely ensured. This will be done by nearing the direction of the selected schools. They will be taken into assurance on the purpose and the principle behind the research. The participants of the survey will be provided full confidentiality by maintaining their names confidential. Furthermore, entree to the information of this survey will be provided to the participants of the survey merely. Summary of the Proposal 21. The intent of this research is to analyze the kineticss of category room interaction in a primary degree category room. The survey was based on the premise that category room interaction in a primary degree category room is affected by multiple factors. These factors include socio-economic standing of the instructors, the ability/competency degree of the instructors and the socio-economic standing of the pupils. Among these the first two are the premier factors in finding the overall degree of the category room interaction. The research theoretical account employed for informations assemblage and analysis is a mixture of both the quantitative and qualitative methods. For the intent of this survey, the population will be defined as all the instructors and pupils of the selected schools of primary degree educational section of Pakistan enrolled. Sample size will be 900 that shall include 500 instructors and 400 pupils from 30 different private and public schools. Time Activity Chart 22. Research shall be conducted for continuance of six months, with consequence from 01 October, 2011 boulder clay 01 April, 2012. Timelines for assorted activities of the research are as follows: – Datas Analysis Undertaking Table 1: Time Activity Chart Finalization of participants 30 Time line ( Weeks ) Result Finalization Reading trials, questionnaire readying 27 24 21 18 3 6 9 12 15 How to cite The Role of Classroom Interaction in a Primary Level Classroom, Essay examples

The description of Julias Essay Example

The description of Julias Paper Murder mysteries have been evolving for decades. The Adventure of The Speckled Band by Arthur Conan Doyle is one of the most fascinating mysteries. This came out in the late 19th century and has turned out to be one the famous mysteries of Sherlock Holmes. The Adventure of The Speckle Band fits into the literary tradition as it is a typical story. It has all the typical ingredients which include: a typical structure, typical characters, typical setting, tension and suspense and also follows the basic rules of a murder mysteries. The villain is usually close to the victim and the victim is usually a woman who is defenseless. On the historical content women have been typically known as the victims but now have a different role in todays society. They are not made out to be the victim but are detectives themselves. The story follows a typical structure of murder mysteries. Firstly, it follows the basic rules of murder mysteries, the first rule being the reader should be given equal opportunity with the detective for solving the mystery. This is shown by Watson giving us clues needed for solving the mystery. We will write a custom essay sample on The description of Julias specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The description of Julias specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The description of Julias specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Secondly, no tricks should be played on the reader. In this mystery the reader is given equal opportunity and no tricks are played. Thirdly, the detective himself should never turn out to be the culprit. This is proved by the villain being caught in the end. Another rule is that, the culprit should turn out to be someone who has played an important part in the mystery and with whom the reader is familiar with. This is proved by Dr. Roylott being the stepfather of Helen and Julia Stoner. Lastly, the motives for all crimes should be personal. Dr. Roylott needed to keep the money which had to be given to Julia upon her marriage and she was going to get married in a fortnight. This was a perfect opportunity for him. As well as that, this murder mystery has a whodunit structure, the it being the death of Julia Stoner and who being whoever caused her death. This engages the reader by all the questions running through their mind. Furthermore, The Speckle Band has an exposition, investigation, climax, and resolution format. Firstly, the exposition is when Helen reveals all the facts to Holmes and the mysterious circumstances of Julias death. In the revelation we learn about Dr. Roylotts past. This raises the readers interest straight away. The investigation takes place when Holmes and Watson go down to Stoke Moran to search for clues. This allows the reader to try and solve the case for themselves. The climax is when Holmes and Watson are playing a waiting game in Julias room. The mystery is then resolved with Holmes cracking the case and with the violent death of the murderer. The story has a typical setting as Stoke Moran Manor House is suitably gloomy, menacing, and unsafe. Some scaffolding has been erected against the end wall, and the stone work had been broken. This shows that the house is partially dilapidated and looks like it has a lot history. Also, Dr. Roylott keeps a cheetah and a baboon leaving Helen with no feeling of security unless the doors were locked from the inside. This shows that there is very little security at Stoke Moran Manor House. As well as that, there are gypsies on the grounds. This shows they too could be suspects as they have been lurking around the premises. Lastly the house has a sense of isolation Helen feels that she has no company which makes her feel lonely. Sherlock Holmes is a typical detective as he is a male private detective which is stereotypical. He is cleverer than the police force as he solves the case before anyone else and is described as Scotland Yard Jack in the Office. Also, Holmes is chivalrous towards Helen and he tries to save her from Dr. Roylott. This shows he is good at his job and caring and considerate towards Helen because he probably feels sorry for her.

MY CIVIL LIBERTIES essays

MY CIVIL LIBERTIES essays When asked to write about a time in my life where my civil liberties were constrained, at first nothing specific came to mind. I am a white, male, heterosexual, no real practicing religion so there isnt many times in my life where civil liberties were constrained due to appearance, sexuality, or religion. So I thought about times in my life where my constitutional rights may have been constrained. One major event came to mind, I was in eighth grade and my constitutional right to assembly was violated. My eighth grade year started like every other year in middle school, new teachers, new rooms, new schedule. Yet I had received a teacher this year that would change the year completely. He was my English teacher, his name was Mr. Klan. I knew from the start that he was going to be a teacher that I would get along with right from the first day of class. It was his first year teaching in our school, or in any school. He was fresh out of college and ready for his big step into the real world. His class was completely different from any other English class I have ever experienced to this day. He was open to our ideas, and gave assignments that we as students appreciated. He was a very easy grader as well, as long as you attempted to do the work and showed some kind of effort you would get at least a C. Any other teacher I had up until this point would have failed you if the paper was not as well written or if they may have had a conflict with the way you wrote your paper or your stance. He still gave work, and still expected his work to be done he just wasnt crazy about it. He would rather work with you and make sure you understood why your paper was poorly written and teach you then to just fail you and not show any remorse. Me personally I learn better when I am showed what I have done wrong then to get the paper back with a bunch of red on it and be told that my paper was garbage or unsatisfactory...

Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, GA. His birth certificate listed his first name as Michael, but this was later changed to Martin. His Grandfather and then his Father both served as the pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. King graduated from Morehouse College in 1948 with a degree in Sociology. He further received a Bachelors of Divinity in 1951 and then a Ph.D. from Boston College in 1955. It was in Boston where he met and later married Coretta Scott. They had two sons and two daughters together. Becoming a Civil Rights Leader: Martin Luther King, Jr. was appointed the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama in 1954. It was while serving as pastor of the church that Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. This occurred on December 1, 1955. By December 5, 1955, the Montgomery Bus Boycott had begun. Montgomery Bus Boycott: On December 5, 1955, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was unanimously elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association which led the Montgomery Bus Boycott. During this time, African-Americans refused to ride the public bus system in Montgomery. Kings home was bombed due to his involvement. Thankfully his wife and baby daughter who were home at the time were unharmed. King was then arrested in February on the charges of conspiracy. The boycott lasted 382 days. At the end on December 21, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation on public transportation was illegal. Southern Christian Leadership Conference: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was formed in 1957 and King was named its leader. Its goal was to provide leadership and organization in the fight for civil rights. He used the ideas of civil disobedience and peaceful protests based on the writings of Thoreau and the actions of Mohandas Gandhi to lead the organization and the fight against segregation and discrimination. Their demonstrations and activism helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Letter from a Birmingham Jail: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a major part of many nonviolent protests as he helped lead the fight for desegregation and equal rights. He was arrested numerous times. In 1963, numerous sit-ins were staged in Birmingham, Alabama to protest segregation in restaurants and eating facilities. King was arrested during one of these and while he was imprisoned wrote his famous Letter from a Birmingham Jail. In this letter, he argued that only through visible protests would progress be made. He argued that it was an individuals duty to protest and disobey unjust  laws. Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" Speech On August 28, 1963, the March on Washington led by King and other Civil Rights Leaders took place. It was the largest demonstration of its kind in Washington, D.C. up to that time and approximately 250,000 demonstrators were involved. It was during this March that King gave his awe-inspiring I Have a Dream speech while speaking from the Lincoln Memorial. He and the other leaders then met with President John F. Kennedy. They asked for many things including an end to segregation in public schools, greater protections for African-Americans, and more effective civil rights legislation amongst other things. Nobel Peace Prize In 1963, King was named Time Magazines Man of the Year. He had stepped onto the world stage. He met with Pope Paul VI in 1964 and then was honored as the youngest person ever to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. He was awarded this on December 10, 1964, at the age of thirty-five. He gave the entire amount of the prize money to help with the Civil Rights movement. Selma, Alabama On March 7, 1965, a group of protestors attempted a march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery. King was not part of this march because he had wanted to delay its start date until the 8th. However, the march was extremely important because it was met by terrible police brutality that was captured on film. The images of this made a huge impact on those not directly involved in the fight resulting in a public outcry for changes to be made. The March was attempted again, and the protestors successfully made it to Montgomery on March 25, 1965, where they heard King speak at the Capitol. Assassination Between 1965 and 1968, King continued with his protest work and fought for Civil Rights. King became a critic of the War in Vietnam. While speaking from a balcony at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated. The day before he gave a poignant speech where he said, [Gods] allowed me to go up to the mountain. And Ive looked over. And Ive seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. While James Earl Ray was arrested and charged with the assassination, there have been and still are questions to his guilt and whether there was a larger conspiracy at work.

Cigarettes and Lungs Cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cigarettes and Lungs Cancer - Research Paper Example Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality all over the world. There are basically 2 predominant types of lung cancer and they are small cell lung cancer or SCLC and non-small cell lung cancer or NSCLC. The latter constitutes 85% of all lung cancer cases. NSCLC is further divided into large cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma (Molina et al, 2008). All these types of lung cancers are different in terms of clinical presentation and histopathological characteristics. But management plans and prognoses are similar. The most frequently encountered NSCLC is adenocarcinoma arising from the mucosal glands of the bronchi. It represents 35-40 percent of all lung cancers. It is mostly seen in the peripheral portion of the lung. It is the most common histologic subtype. It can also manifest as scar cancer. This subtype is mostly seen in non-smokers and may present as a bronchoalveolar form of multifocal tumors. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts fo r about 25 percent of lung cancers. Unlike adenocarcinoma, the cancers are mainly seen in the central parts of the lungs with the classical clinical presentation being proximal bronchus cavity. It is characterized by keratin pearls and has the tendency to exfoliate. It is often associated with hyperkalemia. 10-15 percent of lung cancers are caused due to large cell carcinoma that is easily diagnosable by chest X-ray. Lung cancer metastasis to liver, bones, adrenal glands, brain, spinal cord, and pericardium.... Unlike adenocarcinoma, the cancers are mainly seen in the central parts of the lungs with classical clinical presentation being proximal bronchus cavity. It is characterized by keratin pearls and has the tendency to exfoliate. It is often associated with hypercalemia. 10-15 percent of lung cancers are caused due to large cell carcinoma that is easily diagnosable by chest X-ray. Lung cancer metastatises to liver, bones, adrenal glands, brain, spinal cord and pericardium (Molina et al, 2008). Regional incidence pertaining to lung cancer is actually variable and it predominantly depends on the prevalence of cigarette smoking. For instance, in Utah, the incidence of lung cancer is lowest and smoking is lowest there (Molina et al, 2008). On the other hand, in Kentucky, the incidence of smoking is highest and so is the case with lung cancer (Molina et al, 2008). Another interesting aspect is, with the decline in the prevalence of smoking, the incidence of lung cancer is predominant in form er smokers than in current smokers. For example, according to a study by Yang et al (2005), "more than 5000 patients whose lung cancer was diagnosed between 1997 and 2002, only 25% were current smokers and more than 60% were former smokers" (cited in Molina et al, 2008). The epidemic of lung cancer in the 20th century is undoubtedly caused by cigarette smoking. The development of lung cancer secondary to smoking is directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the duration of smoking. The nicotine content and tar content also influence the development of lung cancer. Tobacco contains about 300 substances that are harmful of which more than 60 are potent carcinogens (Lee, 2001). Nitrosamine-NNK and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons for DNA

External Environment, Internal Environment and SWOT Analysis Essay

External Environment, Internal Environment and SWOT Analysis - Essay Example On November 24, 2005 the company was awarded a patent for its ground breaking technology which utilizes banana tree trunks as the raw material to produce paper (Papyrusaustralia, 2009). A SWOT analysis will help us understand the internal and external environment of the company. Papyrus Australia is start up company with an innovative product that will revolutionize the paper industry. The company has a patented technology which gives it a monopoly for at least 17 years. There is surplus of raw in the word due to the fact there are over 25 million banana trees in the world (Prospectus, 2005).The energy utilization for a manufacturing plant is extremely low and a complete manufacturing facility can be set up in farm in a small space of 500 square meters. The water expense of the manufacturing facility is cero. The plantation actually receives the additional benefit of obtaining free water to irrigate the banana trees since the actual tree from which the truck is extracted is made up of 60% water, which can be put to good use since it has to be disposed of anyways during the manufacturing process. The production of the banana paper is limited to the size of the farm. The business model does not consider the transportation cost of bringing in banana tree trunks as raw material from other farms. There are logistical problems associated with the producing banana trees because has to set up a large network of manufacturing plants across the world. The operation is dependent on penetration the Sub-Saharan African region which is one of the most underdeveloped regions in the world. The company has not shown yet they can mass produce their product. The company is still in the adolescence stage of its business life cycle. Due to the fact that the company is starting out from scratch there are plenty of opportunities for business expansion. Africa is focus point for

Carbon Dioxide :: essays research papers

Carbon Dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that occurs in small quantities in the earth's atmosphere naturally. The earth's ocean, soil, plants and animals release CO2. The formula of Carbon Dioxide is CO2. The CO2 molecule contains 2 oxygen atoms that each share 2 electrons with a carbon atom to form 2 carbon - oxygen double bonds. The atoms are arranged as so (OHT). This is called a 'linear molecule'. Carbon dioxide is commonly found as a gas and is never a liquid. It sublimes to a solid known as 'dry ice' which is used as a substitute for normal ice as it is a lot colder and doesn't melt. Humans and animals breathe out Carbon Dioxide, often referred to as the greenhouse gas, as a waste product. Plants take in this CO2 and use it to make food. This is called photosynthesis. During this process oxygen is released which is then breathed in by humans and animals. This procedure is repeated over and over and a natural balance is obtained. However this natural balance is disrupted by human activity. People of the world are putting more than 5.5 billion tons of CO2 into the atmosphere every year. 75% of this is caused from the burning of fossil fuels. These fuels are burnt all the time to run factories, power plants and vehicles. The main sources of CO2 emissions are electric utilities, residential buildings, industry and transportation. The other 25% is induced by the destruction of the world's forests. The reason for this is that there are less trees and plants to take in the CO2 but there is just as many, if not more, humans and animals to breathe it out. The amount of CO2 in a planet's atmosphere affects the temperature of the planet. As more and more CO2 builds up in the atmosphere, less heat can escape and the planet gets hotter. The CO2 traps radiation from the sun like a greenhouse. This is called global warming or the greenhouse effect. Global warming is becoming a serious problem and CO2 is the major cause. The earth is now warmer than it has been in 1000's of years. The amount of CO2 deposited in the earth's atmosphere from human activities is expected to double by the year 2050. It could possible increase by four in the future with developing countries, such as China, anxious to improve their standard of living.

Centre For Energy Petroleum And Mineral Law Environmental Sciences Essay

This survey has assessed the public presentation of the Tema Oil Refinery. The analytical attack adopted for the survey involves both the computation of energy strengths and capacity uses. The energy strengths showed that the refinery is non efficient in footings of its energy demand from 2000 to 2011 as it Average Annual Energy strength of 0.07KOE per 1000 KOE of rough oil refined is much higher as compared to others with 0.05KOE per 1000 KOE of rough oil refined and therefore hapless public presentation in footings of energy ingestion. The consequences besides indicated that, TOR ‘s capacity use rate fell between 14.26 % and 69.95 % which is low as compared to the general benchmark capacity use rate of 85 % and hence, executing under outlooks. The survey besides examined managerial attitudes that influence the refinery ‘s public presentation. The result revealed that unequal system care, deficiency of attachment to crude flexibleness demand and authorities policy of sub sidization has impacted negatively on the public presentation the refinery. WORD COUNT: 4,089 PRESENTED TO: Dr Xiaoyi MuCONTRACT CONCERNING PLAGIARISMI, the undersigned, have read the Code of Practice sing plagiarism contained in the Students ‘ Introductory Handbook. I realise that this Code governs the manner in which the Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy respects and treats the issue of plagiarism. I have understood the Code and in peculiar I am cognizant of the effects, which may follow if I breach that codification. I besides authorise the Centre to scan the e-copy of my research paper through the Plagiarism Detection Software to observe plagiarismSIGNED: ____________________________Date:Table OF CONTENTaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ List OF ABREVIATIONSaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ List OF TABLESaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ List OF FIGURESaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. INTRODUCTIONaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. BACKGROUNDaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 2.1 Global Refineries and RefiningaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 2.2 State of Tema Oil Refinery in Ghana ( TOR ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 2.3 Theoretical FrameworkaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGSaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 3. 1 Technological Assessment ( TA ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 3.10 Capacity UtilisationaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 3.11 Energy IntensityaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. `3.2 Managerial Assessment ( MA ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 3.20 Maintenance CultureaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 3.21 Government Policy of SubsidyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 4.0 CONCLUSIONaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. BIBLIGRAPHYaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ List OF ABREVIATIONS TA Technological Assessment TOR Tema Oil Refinery IOC International Oil Company NOC National Oil Company BSPD Barrels Per Day RFCC Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker CDU Crude Distillation Unit KOE Kilotonnes of Oil Equivalence LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas CU Capacity Utilisation EI Energy Intensity CRP Paraguana Refinery Complex GHAIP Ghana Italian Petroleum Company ATK Aviation Turbine Kerosene OMC Oil Marketing Company List OF TABLES Table 1: Crude Oil Input and Petroleum Output ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Table 2: Petroleum Product Production and Import ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011aˆÂ ¦.. Table 3: Tema Oil Refinery Energy Demand AnalysisaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Table 4: Tema Oil Refinery Summary CharacteristicsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..List OF FIGURESFigure 1: Tendency in Crude Oil Input And Petroleum Output ( 2009-2011 ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Figure 2: Tendency of Domestic Refinery Supply ( Output ) and Imported Quantity Of Petroleum Products ( 2000-2011 ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦1.0 IntroductionCrude oil in its natural province has no value until it is transformed into merchandises such as heating oil, Gasoline, Gasoil and other crude oil merchandises.[ 1 ]Therefore to refiner, the value of petroleum is nil other than the value of merchandises derived from it.[ 2 ]Globally, the capacity of refineries continues to increase as they expand. In the pre-war epoch, refinement was considered to be in its aureate age as they were profitable to run. However, the hereafter promises to convey new challenges and a competitory displacement that require new accomplishments and capacities to win. Refineries owned by International Oil Companies ( IOCs ) most at times operate expeditiously than National Oil Companies ( NOC ) as these IOCs are involve in multiple activities.[ 3 ]IOCs are able to understate the short-term cyclical effects of rough oil monetary values and uncertainnesss of the market due to the integrating of Refining and Exploration activities. However, NOCs and other independent refiners are vulnerable as they are exposed to the hazard of monetary value volatility.[ 4 ] On African refineries in general, De Gouvello et al reported that merely 7 of the part ‘s operating refineries can be classified as universe graduated table. That is, three in Nigeria, three in South Africa and one in Sudan and all other refinement capacities across the part are â€Å" kettle † .[ 5 ]The capacity of the Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) can non be exempted from this categorization. TOR incorporated in 1960 as a simple hydro planing works refinery, over the past old ages has been the lone refinery in Ghana with the authorization to polishing rough oil to bring forth crude oil merchandises to run into the demands of the state.[ 6 ] It is required to transport out this authorization in an efficient safe and environmentally friendly mode. It has undergone enormous reconstituting giving it more duties as its capacity additions from 28,000 BSPD to 45,000 BSPD.[ 7 ]A Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a capacity of 14,000 BSPD has besides been added to the installation to enable it change over low value residue from the Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline. It relies on about 80 % of electrical power generated internally and the staying 20 % from the national grid.[ 8 ]When compared to other refineries in the universe and in Africa, TOR operations are secondary as it has merely 55 per cent ( 55 % ) portion of the domestic crude oil market.[ 9 ]It production degree has been on the diminution for the past 11 old ages given rise to importing of more crude oil merchandises to fulfill domestic demands. It has of late, been sing relentless closures due to d islocations of some equipment. All these affected the end product of the refinery and therefore considered to be executing ill. This survey assessed the public presentation of TOR for the past 11 old ages ( 2000-2011 ) . It is done to show a clear analysis and image of the public presentation of Ghana ‘s lone Refinery in the state. Many research workers have adopted different attacks and Analytic tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation to measure the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be critical in its appraisal, but limited to merely technological efficiency. The survey did it appraisal utilizing both Technological Assessment Tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation and Managerial Assessment Approaches such as care civilization, conformity with the petroleum flexible demands of the refinery and authorities policy of subsidization of crude oil merchandises. This survey is organised into four chapters. Chapter one covered the Introduction. The background, the province of TOR and the theoretical model are captured in chapter two. Chapter three contained the analysis and treatments of the consequences. Chapter four is the reasoning chapter.Background2.1 Global Refineries and PolishingThe refinement procedure is important to the crude oil value concatenation because petroleum oil has no value until it is transformed into concluding crude oil merchandises. Refining of petroleum oil started every bit early as 1861 in the United State of America.[ 10 ]The first refinery was opened 1861 to bring forth kerosine for illuming and warming.[ 11 ]Technological promotion led to the innovation of car and Electric illuming systems and shifted the procedure from kerosine to motor fuels chiefly Gasoline.[ 12 ]Polishing engineering continues to increase and as a consequence led to the debut of the Thermal Cracking and Catalytic Cracker in 1913 and mid-1930 severally.[ 13 ]Since so, the figure of runing refineries on planetary footing has non increase significantly. However, polishing capacity continues to spread out and germinate as major expansionary plants are carried out on the bing 1s. The largest refinery in word is the Paraguana Refinery Complex ( CRP ) located in Amuay and Cardon Venezuela with a refinement capacity of 940,000 barrel per twenty-four hours.[ 14 ]But sometimes the Reliance Industries I and II located next each other in Jamnagar India are combined, doing it the largest individual refinement composite in the universe with a capacity of 1,240,000 barrel per twenty-four hours ( Reliance In. I, 660,000 and Reliance In. II, 580,000 ) . However, ExxonMobile Corporation is ranked as the universe ‘s prima refiner with a refinement capacity of 5,797,000 barrel per twenty-four hours.[ 15 ] Most refineries on the African continent operate under smaller capacities. Merely a few are considered to be of universe criterion. Harmonizing to BP Statistical Review Energy Survey 2012, Africa had a 2011 refinery capacity of approximately 3.56 % of the universe sum. Skikda Refinery in Algeria is the largest in African with a capacity of 300,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, followed by Ras Lanuf works in Libya.[ 16 ]The Port-Harcourt Refineries I and II situated in Nigeria are the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa with a entire capacity of 210,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, followed by Shell/BP Sapref Refinery located in Durban with a capacity of 165,000 barrel per twenty-four hours.[ 17 ]The Tema Oil Refinery is the lone Refinery in Ghana charged with the duty of polishing rough oil to bring forth crude oil merchandises for national ingestion.2.2 State of Tema Oil Refinery in Ghana ( TOR )The Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) was originally known as the Ghana Italian Petroleum Company ( G HAIP ) Limited incorporated in 1960 but started operation in 1963 as a merely hydro planing refinery works.[ 18 ]The authorities of Ghana, by common understanding with ENI-Nazionie Intercarboni bought equity retention, therefore given it ( authorities ) 100 % ownership of the company.[ 19 ]As a state-owned refinery, the name changed from GHAIP to Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) in 1990. TOR started with an initial refinement capacity of 28,000BSPD, but as a national plus, a Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) was installed in 1997 increasing it capacity to 45,000BSPD.[ 20 ]A Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a processing capacity of 14,000BSPD was besides added in 2002 to enable the refinery convert low value residue from the CDU to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline.[ 21 ]TOR was intentionally designed to polish merely light and sweet petroleum. However, the invariably lifting of rough oil monetary values made direction to intermix different petroleums as a manner of optimizing its borders. Assorted light and sweet petroleums such as Brass, River, Forcados and Palanca are imported from neighboring states such as Nigeria, Equatorial, Guinea, Cameroon Gabon and Angola for refinement.[ 22 ]The end products of TOR include Diesel, Petrol, LPG, Aviation Turbine Kerosene ( ATK ) , Naphtha, Premix and Residual fuel.[ 23 ]The nucleus concern of TOR is to supply refined crude oil merchandises for the domestic market. But it has merely 55 per cent ( 55 % ) portion of the domestic market.[ 24 ]The refinery depended entirely on imported petroleum for it production until 2010 when it received some rough oil from domestic production. The inability of TOR to bring forth to petroleum merchandises for the full domestic demands of the state has created the demand for importing of refined merchandises into the domestic market and the lifting degrees of these imports have raised concerns among the Ghanese populace. Table 1 provides informations on the measures of rough oil input and crude oil end product of the refinery from 2000 to 2011. Figure 1 depicts the Trend in rough oil input and crude oil end product for the same period. Year Crude input Petroleum End product 2000 1,131.8 1,028.4 2001 1,262.9 1,070.0 2002 1,179.4 1,155.5 2003 1,406.2 1,351.7 2004 1,813.5 1,604.1 2005 1,645.5 1,540.8 2006 962.2 891.2 2007 1,242.5 1,195.0 2008 1,396.7 1,221.5 2009 441.4 327.1 2010 902.5 946.4 2011 1,242.9 957.7 Table 1: Crude OIL INPUT AND OUTPUT ( Kilotonnes ) FOR TOR ( 2000-2011 ) Beginning: National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011[ 25 ] FIG. 1 TREND IN CRUDE OIL INPUT AND PETROLEUM OUTPUT ( 2009-2011 ) Beginning: Concept of the Writer From Table 1, it can be seen that, the twelvemonth by twelvemonth petroleum input exceeded the crude oil end product produced. This is due to losingss incurred during refinement. It is besides observed that 2006, 2009 and 2010 recorded a much lower decreases in both petroleum inputs and crude oil end products with 2009 entering the worse of it. These are grounds of hapless public presentation of the refinery. Due to this hapless public presentation in 2006, the authorities of Ghana approached two South Korean Companies, SK Corporation and Samsung Corporation to sell a interest as portion of programs to bring forth US $ 6 billion for infrastructural development within the refinery.[ 26 ]However, the trade did non happen due to proficient challenges the refinery was sing at that clip. Again, Table 2 shows the measure of domestic refinery supply and the measure of imported crude oil merchandises into the state from 2000 to 2011. Figure 2 illustrates the Trend of these measures for the same period. Table 2: Petroleum PRODUCT PRODUCTION AND IMPORT ( Kilotonnes ) Year TOTAL REQUIREMENT DOMESTIC REFINRY SUPPLY IMPORTED QUANTITY Percentage OF IMPORTED ( % ) 2000 1,844.7 1,028.4 816.3 44.25 2001 1,870.9 1,070.0 800.9 42.81 2002 1,905.2 1,155.5 749.7 39.35 2003 1,920.8 1,351.7 569.1 29.63 2004 2,183.6 1,604.1 579.5 26.54 2005 2,119.1 1,540.8 578.3 27.28 2006 2,199.2 891.2 1,308.2 59.48 2007 2,390.7 1,195.0 1,195.7 50.01 2008 2259.2 1,221.5 1,037.7 45.93 2009 2,088.3 327.1 1,761.2 84.34 2010 2,536.2 946.4 1,589.8 62.68 2011 3,066.4 957.7 2,108.7 68.77 Beginning: National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011 FIG. 2 TREND OF DOMESTIC REFINERY SUPPLY ( OUTPUT ) AND IMPORTED QUANTITY OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ( 2000-2011 ) Beginning: Concept of the Writer From both Table 2 and Figure 2, it is observed that, as domestic refinery supply additions, imports tend to diminish from 2000 up to 2004. However, this relationship reverted. From 2005 to 2011, the portion of crude oil imports has been on the addition traveling from 578.3 kilotonnes in to 2005 to every bit high as 2,108.7 kilotonnes in 2011 while that of domestic refinery supply continues to diminish from 1,540.8 kilotonnes in 2005 to every bit low as 957.7 kilotonnes in 2011.All these deficits are attributable to both Technical inefficiencies and managerial inefficiencies which are discussed into inside informations in the following subdivision of this survey.2.3 Theoretical ModelThe attending of most intellectuals since 1970 has ever been on the Energy Utilisation and effectual direction of refineries in the developed universe states. Romulo et ‘ Al purported that complex refineries can better their energy ingestion through assorted ways such as increased heat interchange be tween procedure watercourse, thermic exchange within and between process units and hotter charge provender between units, usage of more efficient furnace procedures and other smart ways of using modern engineering.[ 27 ] Romulo et ‘ Al evaluated the energy efficiency of Brazilian petroleum oil refinement and compared it with the refinement of petroleum oil in US from 1930 to 2008. They concluded that, a Brazilian refinery with a capacity of 157,000 barrel per twenty-four hours which undergone modernization in 2008 cost US $ 1.3 billion and as such realised an addition of 17 % in its capacity. The consequence besides indicated that, the refinery energy ingestion fell from 0.75MBtu to 0.52MBtu per barrel processed and hence addition in complexness reduces the energy consumed in the concluding production procedure.[ 28 ]Others contended that there is no individual manner of measuring the public presentation of refineries across board despite the fact that, refinement procedures are energy intensive and exergy analysis appeared to be the most regular tool for assessment. For illustration, Badmus et ‘ Al reviewed the public presentation assessment on the refineries in Nigeria utilizing energy strengths for the analysis and conclude that, the energy ingestion forms of the four refineries are below international benchmark in the oil and gas industry.[ 29 ] Jesuleye et ‘ Al besides contributed to what this survey referred to as â€Å" Technological Appraisal † .[ 30 ]They besides evaluated the energy demand of Port Harcourt refinery in Nigeria and its policy deductions through the computation of energy strengths as a manner of finding the one-year energy demand of the refinery. The consequence showed that â€Å" the existent energy demand per twelvemonth for treating rough oil into crude oil merchandises exceeded, in changing grades the stipulated refinery criterion of 4 barrels of oil equivalent ( BOE ) per 100 BOE as the grounds revealed a scope between 4.28 BOE and 8.58 BOE per 100 BOE processed. They nevertheless, included a managerial attitude as Turn-Around Maintenance agenda in their analysis which this survey considered to be of import in measuring the public presentation of refineries. Many research workers have adopted different attacks and Analytic tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation to measure the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be critical in the appraisal, but limited to merely technological efficiency and therefore classified the attack as â€Å" Technological Assessment † of public presentation. Research workers with their different rational positions evaluated the public presentation of refineries across the universe with the usage of different analytical tools as they exist. One of the most widely recognized and realistic tool used is the Solomon Energy Intensity Indicator ( SEII ) .[ 31 ]It provides a more realistic contemplation of energy strength of the refinery as it creates room for works by program analysis, considered the different types of terminal merchandises, recognises the fact that production procedures are specific and takes into history the operations of the works. Harmonizing to Nyboer and Rivers 2002 cited by Jesuleye et ‘ Al, this method has been embraced and applied late by the Canadian Industry Program for Energy preservation in Canada in an effort to develop Energy ingestion benchmark usher for conventional crude oil refinement in Canada. For the intent of this survey, the application of SEII could non happen due to the absence of single informations on energy ingestion and the specific activity degrees of the refinery. However, the Energy strengths were calculated based on the concluding energy ingestion of TOR and its overall end product. As indicated by O. A. Jesuleye et ‘ Al, the theoretical account has it root from the European Economic Commission Funded undertaking titled Energy Master Plan for Rural Development in Nigeria.[ 32 ]The Capacity Utilisation of the refinery was besides determined utilizing it end product to guarantee a full assessment of the proficient efficiency of the refinery. The survey besides investigated into the managerial facets of the refinery.3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGSBoth Technological Assessment ( TA ) and Managerial Assessment ( MA ) are carried out on TOR to determine realistic grounds why the refinery is executing so ill. TA focused on the Energy Demand through the finding of Annual Energy Intensities utilizing Final Energy Consumption method and the Annual Capacity Utilisations utilizing the Capacity Utilisation attack. 3. 1 Technological Assessment ( TA ) Energy Intensity ( EI ) = Final Energy Demand aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ ( 1 ) Crude processed Capacity Utilisation ( CU ) = Output produced X 100aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ( 2 ) Actual production degree The assorted Annual Energy Intensities and Annual Capacity Utilisations from 2000 to 2011 are presented in Table 4 below. Table 3: TEMA OIL REFINERY ENERGY DEMAND ANALYSIS Year *Final Energy Demand ( KOE/Yr ) *Crude Input ( KOE ) *Petroleum End product **Annual Energy Intensities KOE/1000 *Required standard Intensity KOE/1000 **Annual Capacity Utilisation % *Benchmark capacity Utilisation % 2000 61.5 1,131.8 1,028.4 0.054 Sodium 44.48 85 2001 64.1 1,262.9 1,070.0 0.050 Sodium 46.66 85 2002 Sodium 1,179.4 1,155.5 Sodium Sodium 50.39 85 2003 Sodium 1,406.2 1,351.7 Sodium Sodium 58.94 85 2004 Sodium 1,813.5 1,604.1 Sodium Sodium 69.95 85 2005 Sodium 1,645.5 1,540.8 Sodium Sodium 67.19 85 2006 60.2 962.2 891.2 0.063 Sodium 38.86 85 2007 78.4 1,242.5 1,195.0 0.063 Sodium 52.11 85 2008 87.8 1,396.7 1,221.5 0.063 Sodium 53.27 85 2009 44.5 441.4 327.1 0.101 Sodium 14.26 85 2010 82.6 902.5 946.4 0.092 Sodium 41.27 85 2011 90.3 1,242.9 957.7 0.073 Sodium 41.76 85 Beginning: * Datas from National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011 **Calculated values utilizing EI and CU expressions NA ; Not Available Table 4: TEMA OIL REFINERY SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICS Unit of measurement Status Capacity BPSD 45,000 Average ANNUAL CAPACITY UTILISATION** % ( KOE ) 48.29 Average ANNUAL ENERGY INTENSITY** 1000Kt/yr 0.07 Entire LOSSES ESTIMATE* % ( KOE ) 3-6 * Entire Losses Estimate of 3-6 % is obtained from National Energy Commission, 2011, ** Calculated from Table 4.3.1.0 Capacity UtilisationFrom Table 4, the Annual Capacity Utilisation of the refinery ranged between 14.26 % in 2009 and 69.95 % in 2004. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery has an Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % . This is much lower as compared to the general benchmark Capacity Utilisation of 85 % in the refinement industry. It shows that the refinery is runing under criterion and hence indicates a hapless public presentation. Losses besides accounted for about 3-6 % of petroleum inputs as indicated in Table 5. These losingss are due to the low capacity and inefficiency of the premium reformist of the refinery.3.1.1 Energy IntensityFrom Table 4, the Annual Energy Intensities of the refinery ranged between 0.050 KOE in 2001 and 0.101 in 2009 per 1000 of petroleum processed. This shows that the refinery was more energy efficiency in its ingestion in 2001 than in 2009. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery besides has an Average Annual Ener gy Intensity of 0.07 KOE per 1000. When compared to the Annual Energy Intensity of other refineries even with much higher capacities such as Port Harcourt Refinery with a stipulated Intensity of 0.04 KOE per 1000, TOR is inefficient in footings of Energy Consumption. This shows the refinery consumes more energy, even though its end product degrees are falling and therefore indicates hapless public presentation on it portion. From the above Technological Assessment, it clear that the Tema Oil Refinery is executing ill as it produces below capacity, consumes more energy than others and incurred greater per centum of losingss.`3.2 Managerial Appraisal3.2.0 Maintenance CultureThere are a figure of direction related issues which impacted negatively on the public presentation of TOR. These included the followers ; The failure of direction to constantly transport out care on the installation causes frequent closing of the refinery. Harmonizing to Odiguri et ‘ Al cited by Badmus et ‘ Al 2012, the Turn Around Maintenance inspection and repair of refineries in general, is recommended to be undertaken every 18 or 24 month.[ 33 ]This is non done at TOR. Care is merely carried out when a mistake is detected.[ 34 ]Even at the point of transporting out care, direction still employ antique industrial practises. This attitude of direction affected the proficient efficiency of the refinery and hence, lowers the end product than expected. A break in H2O supply is yet another ground that consequences in the hapless public presentation of the refinery. TOR dependance entirely on Ghana Water Company Limited for supply of H2O.[ 35 ]This beginning nevertheless, is non dependable as the company normally encounter frequent dislocations due its elderly grapevines.[ 36 ]Any break in H2O supply to the refinery causes intermittent closure of the refinery and as such, reduces the end product of the refinery at those times. Lack of conformity to crude flexibleness regulations at TOR besides influences its public presentation. The refinery was intentionally designed to polish merely light and sweet petroleum. However, direction tend to intermix light rancid petroleum with light and sweet petroleum as manner of maximizing their net income borders due to the lifting monetary values of light petroleum.[ 37 ]This normally affects the operations and efficiency of the refinery, therefore cut downing its concluding end product.3.21 Government Policy of SubsidyAs a state-owned refinery, the activities of Government can non be excluded from the grounds why TOR performs so ill. Government as the exclusive proprietor of the refinery uses the National Petroleum Authority as a regulative organic structure to find the monetary values of crude oil merchandises in the state.[ 38 ]This organic structure besides has the duty of implementing authorities policy instruments such as revenue enhancements and subsidies at the crude oil subsector degree. To maintain ex-pump monetary values of fuel depression, the authorities to a great extent subsidize ex-refinery monetary values.[ 39 ]In 2003 authorities subsidy on fuel was 29.5 % but increase it to about 39.7 % of the monetary value in 2005.[ 40 ]In entire, the authorities spent about US $ 276 million on fuel subsidy entirely by the terminal of 2011. However, these monies are barely recovered by the refinery. Non-payment of measures by Oil Marketing Companies ( OMCs ) besides increases the predicament of TOR. This increases the liability of the refinery and hence reduces its ability to procure rough oil for its operation. Despite the fact that proficient efficiency and Capacity Utilisation are important in finding the public presentation of a refinery, managerial patterns and Government activity are every bit of import in measuring the public presentation of TOR as they give accounts to the causes of these inefficiencies and therefore, supply empirical groundss to the ground why TOR is executing so ill.4.0 DecisionBased on the Analysis and happening on TOR, it is clear that the usage of Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation as indicated by other research workers are of import considerations in measuring the public presentation of refineries. But managerial patterns such as care civilization, conformity with care ordinances, conformity with rough flexibleness demand and Government policies proved to be influential in refinery public presentation and as such must be considered by future surveies. The survey showed that Energy Intensity and Capacity Utilisation find the Technical Efficiency of the refinery. From the survey, the energy ingestion of TOR is non efficient as compared to others. Besides, TOR losingss are due to proficient inefficiencies and managerial inaccuracies. It Average Annual Energy Intensity of 0.07KOE/1000 is hapless as others have Average Annual Energy of 0.05KOE/1000. Besides, the Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % is far below the criterion bench grade of 85 % . There is besides unequal system care at TOR which has impacted negatively on its public presentation. From the survey it is apparent that, non-payment of subsidy measures by authorities affected it ability to procure rough oil for its operations and therefore cut downing its end product. These hence suggest that, the Tema Oil Refinery is so executing ill due to Technical and Managerial challenges at the installation.